Urochloa mutica
Common Name(s): Para grass
Non-Native to Florida
Origin: Africa1
Video ID segment (2-3 minutes)
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This species appears on the following legally prohibited plant lists
UF-IFAS Assessment of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas
CATEGORY I on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council’s (FLEPPC) 2017 List of Invasive Plant Species
More Info: Plant Management in Florida Waters
Download a recognition card (PDF) from Invasive and Non-native Plants You Should Know2
Download a page (PDF 141 KB) from Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas – Second Edition1
For brief control information, see Efficacy of Herbicide Active Ingredients Against Aquatic Weeds (EDIS Pub #SS-AGR-44)
Para grass
Introduction
Brachiaria mutica, also known as Urochloa mutica, is an invasive grass species native to Africa. In its native lands, Brachiaria is cultivated as a forage grass and was brought to the U.S for this purpose. In areas where para grass is not grazed on by cattle, it has become a serious weed. Upon its introduction to the U.S., naturalization of para grass has occurred throughout several southern regions of the country, including Florida, in cultivated and disturbed areas. para grass is able grow in canals and low, wet areas, displacing native vegetation in marshes and swamps. Florida’s Exotic Pest Plant Council has listed Brachiaria mutica as a Category 1 invasive plant in Central and Southern Florida because of these invasive characteristics.
Description
Para grass is in the family Poaceae, along with other familiar grasses such as St. Augustinegrass, bermudagrass, centipedegrass and many ornamental grass species. A perennial species, para grass spreads via creeping stolons, cuttings, and seed. Stems will often root at the base, and can reach up to 8 feet in height, having hairy nodes and sheaths. Leaf blades are 4 to 12 inches long and ½ an inch wide. The panicle is up to 12 inches long, with numerous spreading branches. Spikelets are roughly 0.12 inches long, elliptic, with a purplish rachis. Although there are many flower heads produced by para grass, seed production is very poor with poor seeds viability.
Impacts
Para grass can form floating mats in drainage ditches or irrigation canals, resulting in the impediment of water flow. This impediment on water flow can also restrict navigation of water vessels in shallow water and prevent recreational use of waterways. Aggressive in nature, para grass can form large monocultures through fast growth and high productivity. para grass is even thought to have allelopathic activity on other plants, ensuring its success. In 1986 para grass was found in 207 public water bodies in Florida. Through control and management efforts, this number dropped in 1994 to 183.
Management
Preventative
Do not allow seed set to occur and prevent movement of plant material from into uninfested areas.
Cultural
Cattle grazing on para grass seems to keep this invasive in check and is used extensively by many producers as a forage. However, education on the problems associated with para grass should be used to prevent unwanted infestations.
Mechanical
Small infestations can be removed with repeated, aggressive tillage. Burning can be very useful in removing excess biomass, allowing for more effective chemical control.
Biological
There are no known biological control agents for para grass.
Chemical
For broadcast applications to larger areas, glyphosate at 2 to 4 lbs-ai/acre can be used. Imazapyr can also be very effective at 0.5 to 1 lbs-ai/acre, but adhere strictly to irrigation restricts on the label (Habitat) if applied near water. Imazapyr can also cause non-target damage due to soil residual properties. Always use a good surfactant at 0.25% with imazapyr and with certain glyphosate formulations.
References and Useful Links
University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants
University of Florida’s Cooperative Extension Electronic Data Information Source
Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. IFAS Publication SP 257. University of Florida, Gainesville. 165 pp.
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems
Perdue University. Center for New Crops and Plant Products
Excerpted from
University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Circular 1529, Invasive Species Management Plans for Florida, 2008 by
Greg MacDonald, Associate Professor Jay Ferrell, Assistant Professor and Extension Weed Specialist
Brent Sellers, Assistant Professor and Extension Weed Specialist
Ken Langeland, Professor and Extension Weed Specialist Agronomy Department, Gainesville and Range Cattle REC, Ona
Tina Duperron-Bond, DPM – Osceola County
Eileen Ketterer-Guest, former Graduate Research Assistant
More Resources
Find more information and pictures about para grass, contained in the Langeland/Burks book, Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas.
View the herbarium specimen image from the University of Florida Herbarium Digital Imaging Projects.
For brief control information, see Efficacy of Herbicide Active Ingredients Against Aquatic Weeds by K. Langeland, M. Netherland, and W. Haller.
Citations
1. Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas – Second Edition,
by K.A. Langeland, H.M. Cherry, et al. University of Florida-IFAS Publication # SP 257. 2008.
2. Invasive and Non-native Plants You Should Know – Recognition Cards,
by A. Richard and V. Ramey. University of Florida-IFAS Publication # SP 431. 2007.